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War of 1812 - Began - June 18th 1812
The armed conflict between the United States and Great Britain, 1812-15. It followed a period of great stress between the two nations as a result of the treatment of neutral countries by both France and England during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, in which the latter two were antagonists (1793-1801, 1803-14).
Causes of the War
American shippers took advantage of the hostilities in Europe to absorb the carrying trade between Europe and the French and Spanish islands in the West Indies. By breaking the passage with a stop in a U.S. port, they evaded seizure under the British rule of 1756, which forbade to neutrals in wartime trade that was not allowed in peacetime. In 1805, however, in the Essex Case, a British court ruled that U.S. ships breaking passage at an American port did not circumvent the prohibitions set out in the rule of 1756. As a result the seizure of American ships by Great Britain increased.
The following year Great Britain instituted a partial blockade of the European coast. The French emperor, Napoleon I, retaliated with a blockade of the British Isles. Napoleon's Continental System, which was intended to exclude British goods or goods cleared through Britain from countries under French control, and the British orders in council (1807), which forbade trade with France except after touching at English ports, threatened the American merchant fleet with confiscation by one side or the other. Although the French subjected American ships to considerable arbitrary treatment, the difficulties with England were more apparent. The impressment of sailors alleged to be British from U.S. vessels was a particularly great source of anti-British feeling, a famous incident of impressment being the Chesapeake affair of 1807.
Despite the infringement of U.S. rights, President Jefferson hoped to achieve a peaceful settlement with the British. Toward this end he supported a total embargo on trade in the hope that economic pressure would force the belligerents to negotiate with the United States. The Nonimportation Act of 1806 was followed by the Embargo Act of 1807. Difficulty of enforcement and economic conditions that rendered England and the Continent more or less independent of America made the embargo ineffective, and in 1809 it gave way to a Nonintercourse Act. This in turn was superseded by Macon's Bill No. 2, which repealed the trade restrictions against Britain and France with the proviso that if one country withdrew its offensive decrees or orders, nonintercourse would be reimposed with the other.
In 1809, after the passage of the Nonintercourse Act, a satisfactory agreement had been reached with the British minister in Washington, David Erskine, who promised repeal of the orders in council. The pact was disavowed by Foreign Secretary George Canning, however, and Erskine was replaced by F. J. Jackson, who soon proved himself persona non grata to the U.S. government. Subsequently, by a dubious commitment, Napoleon tricked James Madison, who had succeeded Jefferson as President, into reimposing (1811) nonintercourse on England. Negotiations with Britain for repeal of the orders in council continued without result; just before the declaration of war, yet too late to prevent it, the orders in council were repealed.
In reality, it was not so much the infringement of neutral rights that occasioned the actual outbreak of hostilities as the desire of the frontiersmen for free land, which could only be obtained at the expense of the Native Americans and the British. Moreover, the West suspected the British, with some justification, of attempting to prevent American expansion and of encouraging and arming the Native Americans. Matters came to a head after the battle of Tippecanoe (1811); the radical Western group believed that the British had supported the Native American confederacy, and they dreamed of expelling the British from Canada. Their militancy was supported by Southerners who wished to obtain West Florida from the Spanish (allies of Great Britain). Among the prominent war hawks in the 12th Congress were Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Langdon Cheves, Felix Grundy, Peter Porter, and others, who managed to override the opposition of John Randolph and of the moderates.
Course of the War
War was declared June 18, 1812. It was not until hostilities had begun that Madison discovered how woefully inadequate American preparations for war were. The rash hopes of the war hawks, who expected to take Canada at a blow, were soon dashed. The American force under Gen. William Hull, far from gaining glory, disgracefully surrendered (Aug., 1812) at Detroit to a smaller Canadian force under Isaac Brock. On the Niagara River, an American expedition was repulsed after a successful attack on Queenston Heights, because the militia under Stephen Van Rensselaer would not cross the New York state boundary.
On the sea, however, the tiny American navy initially gave a good account of itself. The victory of the Constitution, under Isaac Hull, over the Guerrire and the capture of the Macedonian by the United States (Stephen Decatur commanding) were two outstanding achievements of 1812. The smaller vessels also did well, and American privateers carried the war to the very shores of England. In 1813 the British reasserted their supremacy on the sea; the Chesapeake, under Capt. James Lawrence (Don't give up the ship!), accepted a challenge from the Shannon and met with speedy defeat. Most of the American ships were either captured or bottled up in harbor for the duration of the war.
It was on inland waters, however, that the American navy achieved its most notable triumphsvictories that had an important bearing on the course of the war. In Jan., 1813, at the Raisin River, S of Detroit, American troops suffered another defeat. But with the victory of Capt. Oliver Perry on Lake Erie in Sept., 1813, American forces, under Gen. William Henry Harrison, were able to advance against the British, who burned Detroit and retreated into Canada. Harrison pursued and defeated them in a battle at the Thames River (see Thames, battle of the), in which Tecumseh, the Native American chief, was killed. Yet the feeble efforts of James Wilkinson along the St. Lawrence River did nothing to improve the situation on the New York border.
The first months of 1814 held gloomy prospects for the Americans. The finances of the government had been somewhat restored in 1813, but there was no guarantee of future supplies. New England, never sympathetic with the war, now became openly hostile, and the question of secession was taken up by the Hartford Convention. Moreover, with Napoleon checked in Europe, Britain could devote more time and effort to the war in America.
In July, 1814, the American forces along the Niagara River, now under Gen. Jacob Brown, maintained their own in engagements at Chippawa and Lundy's Lane. Shortly afterward, Sir George Prevost led a large army into New York down the west side of Lake Champlain and seriously threatened the Hudson valley. But when his accompanying fleet was defeated near Plattsburgh (Sept., 1814) by Capt. Thomas Macdonough, he was forced to retreat to Canada. In August, a British expedition to Chesapeake Bay won an easy victory at Bladensburg and took Washington, burning the Capitol and the White House. The victorious British, however, were halted at Fort M c Henry before Baltimore.
Negotiations for Peace
The Fort McHenry setback and the American victory at Plattsburgh helped to persuade British statesmen to agree to end the war, in which no decisive gains had been made by either side. For some time negotiations for peace had been taking place. Although Great Britain had refused an early Russian offer to mediate between it and the United States, the British entered into direct peace negotiations at Ghent in mid-1814. The American delegation to the meeting at Ghent was headed by John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Albert Gallatin. After long and tortuous discussions, a treaty (see Ghent, Treaty of) was signed (Dec. 24, 1814), providing for the cessation of hostilities, the restoration of conquered territories, and the setting up of boundary commissions.
The final action of the war took place after the signing of the treaty, when Andrew Jackson decisively defeated the British at New Orleans on Jan. 8, 1815. This victory, although it came after the technical end of the war, was important in restoring American confidence. Although the peace treaty failed to deal with the matters of neutral rights and impressment that were the ostensible cause of the conflict, the war did quicken the growth of American nationalism. In addition, the defeats suffered by the Native Americans in the Northwest and in the South forced them to sign treaties with the U.S. government and opened their lands for American expansion.
Bibliography
See G. W. Cullum, Campaigns of 1812-15 (1879); Theodore Roosevelt, The Naval War of 1812 (1882, repr. 1968); A. T. Mahan, Sea Power in Its Relation to the War of 1812 (2 vol., 1905; repr. 1968); J. W. Pratt, Expansionists of 1812 (1925, repr. 1957); Henry Adams, The War of 1812 (ed. by H. A. DeWeerd, 1944); Francis Beirne, War of 1812 (1949, repr. 1965); Glenn Tucker, Poltroons and Patriots (2 vol., 1954); C. S. Forester, The Age of Fighting Sail: The Story of the Naval War of 1812 (1956); A. H. Z. Carr, The Coming of War (1960); Reginald Horsman, The Causes of the War of 1812 (1962, repr. 1972) and The War of 1812 (1969); Harry L. Coles, The War of 1812 (1965).
Piotr Ilyitch Tchaikovsky (1840 - 1893) (born Kamsko-Votkinsk, 7 May 1840; died St. Petersburg, 6 November 1893).
His father was a mine inspector. He started piano studies at five and soon showed remarkable gifts; his childhood was also affected by an abnormal sensitivity. At ten he was sent to the School of Jurisprudence at St. Petersburg, where the family lived for some time. His parting from his mother was painful; further, she died when he was 14 - an event that may have stimulated him to compose. At 19 he took a post at the Ministry of Justice, where he remained for four years despite a long journey to western Europe and increasing involvement in music. In 1863 he entered the Conservatory, also undertaking private teaching. Three years later he moved to Moscow with a professorship of harmony at the new conservatory. Little of his music so far had pleased the conservative musical establishment or the more nationalist group, but his First Symphony had a good public reception when heard in Moscow in 1868.
Rather less successful was his first opera, The Voyevoda , given at the Bol'shoy in Moscow in 1869; Tchaikovsky later abandoned it and re-used material from it in his next, The Oprichnik . A severe critic was Balakirev, who suggested that he write a work on Romeo and Juliet : this was the Fantasy-Overture, several times rewritten to meet Balakirev's criticisms; Tchaikovsky's tendency to juxtapose blocks of material rather than provide organic transitions serves better in this programmatic piece than in a symphony as each theme stands for a character in the drama. Its expressive, well-defined themes and their vigorous treatment produced the first of his works in the regular repertory.
The Oprichnik won some success at St. Petersburg in 1874, by when Tchaikovsky had won acclaim with his Second Symphony (which incorporates Ukrainian folktunes); he had also composed two string quartets (the first the source of the famous Andante cantabile), most of his next opera, Vakula the Smith , and of his First Piano Concerto, where contrasts of the heroic and the lyrical, between soloist and orchestra, clearly fired him. Originally intended for Nikolay Rubinstein, the head of Moscow Conservatory, who had much encouraged Tchaikovsky, it was dedicated to Hans von Blow (who gave its premiere, in Boston) when Rubinstein rejected it as ilI-composed and unplayable (he later recanted and became a distinguished interpreter of it). In 1875 came the carefully written Third Symphony and Swan Lake , commissioned by Moscow Opera. The next year a journey west took in Bizet's Carmen in Paris, a cure at Vichy and the first complete Ring at Bayreuth; although deeply depressed when he reached home - he could not accept his homosexuality - he wrote the fantasia Francesca da Rimini and (an escape info the 18th century) the Rococo Vanations for cello and orchestra. Vakula , which had won a competition, had its premiere that autumn. At the end of the year he was contacted by a wealthy widow, Nadezhda von Meck, who admired his music and was eager to give him financial security; they corresponded intimately for 14 years but never met.
Tchaikovsky, however, saw marriage as a possible solution to his sexual problems; and when contacted by a young woman who admired his music he offered (after first rejecting her) immediate marriage. It was a disaster: he escaped from her almost at once, in a state of nervous collapse, attempted suicide and went abroad. This was however the time of two of his greatest works, the Fourth Symphony and Eugene Onegin . The symphony embodies a 'fate' motif that recurs at various points, clarifying the structure; the first movement is one of Tchaikovsky's most individual with its hesitant, melancholy waltz-like main theme and its ingenious and appealing combination of this with the secondary ideas; there is a lyrical, intermezzo-like second movement and an ingenious third in which pizzicato strings play a main role, while the finale is impassioned if loose and melodramatic, with a folk theme pressed into service as second subject. Eugene Onegin , after Pushkin, tells of a girl's rejected approach to a man who fascinates her (the parallel with Tchaikovsky's situation is obvious) and his later remorse: the heroine Tatyana is warmly and appealingly drawn, and Onegin's hauteur is deftly conveyed too, all against a rural Russian setting which incorporates spectacular ball scenes, an ironic background to the private tragedies. The brilliant Violin Concerto also comes from the late 1870s.
The period 1878-84, however, represents a creative trough. He resigned from the conservatory and, tortured by his sexuality, could produce no music of real emotional force (the Piano Trio, written on Rubinstein's death, is a single exception). He spent some time abroad. But in 1884, stimulated by Balakirev, he produced his Manfred symphony, after Byron. He continued to travel widely, and conduct; and he was much honoured. In 1888 the Fifth Symphony, similar in plan to the Fourth (though the motto theme is heard in each movement), was finished. A note of hysteria in the finale was recognized by Tchaikovsky himself. The next three years saw the composition of two ballets, the finely characterized Sleeping Beauty and the more decorative Nutcracker , and the opera The Queen of Spades , with its ingenious atmospheric use of Rococo music (it is set in Catherine the Great's Russia) within a work of high emotional tension. Its theatrical qualities ensured its success when given at St. Petersburg in late 1890. The next year Tchaikovsky visited the USA; in 1892 he heard Mahler conduct Eugene Onegin at Hamburg. In 1893 he worked on his Sixth Symphony, to a plan - the first movement was to be concerned with activity and passion; the second, love; the third, disappointment; and the finale, death. It is a profoundly pessimistic work, formally unorthodox, with the finale haunted by descending melodic ideas clothed in anguished harmonies. It was performed on 28 October. He died nine days later: traditionally, and officially, of cholera, but recently verbal evidence has been put forward that he underwent a 'trial' from a court of honor from his old school regarding his sexual behavior and it was decreed that he commit suicide. Which version is true must remain uncertain.
War of 1812
HistoryCentral.com War of 1812 War of 1812. Major Battles.
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War of 1812 Articles, Book reviews, replicas, reenactment info ...
book reviews and offers, extensive links, and the largest collection of War of 1812 images on the internet. Event listings, news and unit websites dealing with ...
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War of 1812-1814
Depository of information on the War of 1812. Includes details on the Hartford Convention, weapons of war, and re-enactment groups.
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Discriminating Generals
Source for historic profiles, re-enactment groups, book reviews, sound clips, and military replica sales. Also find a list of British regiments.
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Fort Erie War of 1812 Home Page
Welcome to Fort Erie and The War of 1812. War of 1812 Genealogical Research. Number of visits. Don't forget to refresh your page after each visit. ...
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The War of 1812
War of 1812, 1812, +1812 1812-1814, The War of 1812, Canada, history, forts, maps, historians, War of 1812.
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1812 WAR INDEX PAGE
FOR MORE SIOUX INFORMATION AND TREATIES. LINKS TO OTHER PAGES CONTAINING WAR OF 1812 INFORMATION. LINEAGE'S WAR OR 1812 - SEARCH BOUNTY LAND GRANTS. ...
http://www.iltrails.org/1812hx.htm
The War of 1812 Homepage
The War of 1812 Homepage Welcome to the War of 1812 Homepage! Start a new discussion on the Message Boards and see your questions answered! There is a new ...
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Key Events & Causes: War of 1812
An outline of some of the issues that led to the War of 1812.
http://home.earthlink.net/~gfeldmeth/chart.1812.html
Documents on The American War of 1812
The American War of 1812. POLITICAL ISSUES. The American Debate on Neutrality (1807-1809); Debate
http://www.hillsdale.edu/dept/History/Documents/War/FR1812.htm
Ancestors as 1812 Veterans
Examine a list of veterans and their lives after the War of 1812. John Smith dances a pigeon-wing and sells 80 acres for $80 after the war.
http://www.rootsweb.com/~kyharris/1812vets.htm
Unknown Soldier of the War of 1812
Arlington National Cemetery resource is dedicated to fourteen unknown soldiers and sailors from the War of 1812.
http://www.arlingtoncemetery.com/unk-1812.html
America at War: War of 1812
War of 1812 Timeline: 1792-1814: France and Britain at war. 1803-1812: British captains impress more than ten thousand American sailors to serve on British ships. ...
http://www.semo.net/suburb/dlswoff/1812.html
Re-living History: The War of 1812
Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture Source: America Online.
http://library.thinkquest.org/22916
Declaration of the War of 1812
Examine several newspaper articles on the declaration of the war. Includes the New York Evening Post and the Washington National Intelligence.
http://www.hillsdale.edu/dept/History/Documents/War/America/1812/1812-Newspapers-Declaration.htm
Society of the War of 1812 in Wisconsin
Society of the War of 1812 (founded 1814). ... The Society of the War of 1812 in the State of Wisconsin. ...
http://www.execpc.com/~drg/wi1812.html
Treaty of Ghent - 1814
Browse the 11 articles that compromise the treaty that ended the War of 1812. From the Avalon Project at the Yale Law School.
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/ghent.htm
Chapter 6: The War of 1812
Chapter 6. THE WAR OF 1812. Extracted from. AMERICAN MILITARY HISTORY. ARMY HISTORICAL SERIES. OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF MILITARY HISTORY. UNITED STATES ARMY. ...
http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/amh/AMH-06.htm
The Roles Women Played in the War of 1812
There are many ways in which women helped the cause. Women on the battlefield helped pass water to the soldiers. In the camps, they were laundresses, seamstresses, and companions to the soldiers.
http://umbrigade.tripod.com/women.html
American Soldier
Depository of facts about the American Soldiers in the War of 1812. Includes Infantryman, Artilleryman, Marines, and Light Dragoons.
http://members.tripod.com/~war1812/bluecoat.html
War of 1812 Roster of Ohio Soldiers - Ohio Historical Society
Citations: Sources for the online searchable text Roster of Ohio Soldiers in the War of 1812. Adjutant General of Ohio. Transcription, 1916. R973.524471 A2. ...
http://www.ohiohistory.org/resource/database/rosters.html
Battlefield House Museum - Stoney Creek
Living history museum and site of the historic Battle of Stoney Creek fought during the War of 1812. Located in Ontario, Canada.
http://alpha.binatech.on.ca/~bhmchin
War of 1812 - MDSOS
War of 1812 Monuments in Maryland War of 1812 Monument Memorial Park, High Street Chestertown, MD. Return to the top of the page ...
http://www.sos.state.md.us/sos/mmmc/html/warof1812.html
British Soldiers
Examine a resource devoted to the British Soldier in the War of 1812. Includes details on Infantry, Artillery, Draggons, and specific units.
http://members.tripod.com/~war1812/redcoat.html
General Society War of 1812
Descriptions and accounts of the war.
http://www.societyofthewarof1812.org
Mississinewa 1812 battle reenactment in Grant County near Marion, Indiana
Mississinewa 1812 is the largest War of 1812 living history event in the United States. It is a historical commemoration of the Battle of Mississinewa fought here on December 17 and 18, 1812.
http://www.mississinewa1812.com
Naval Officers of the War of 1812
Return to Wars and Conflicts page Return to Naval Historical Center home page. Officers of the US Navy and Marine Corps in the War of 1812.
http://www.history.navy.mil/wars/war1812/1815list.htm
Battle of Plattsburgh, The
Read a profile of the pivotal battle of the War of 1812 where the US defeated the world's strongest naval power on Lake Champlain.
http://www.geocities.com/~jmillard/Plattsburg/Plattsburg.html
War of 1812 South Carolina
Service Records of Volunteer Soldiers Who Served During the War of 1812 in Organizations From the State of South Carolina Microfilm ID M652, Record Group 94
http://freepages.military.rootsweb.com/~york/1812SC.html
War of 1812 - Battle of North Point - Methodist Meeting House
Virtual Tour Stop #7 - Methodist Meeting House. After the Battle of North Point, the ...
http://www.bcpl.net/~etowner/npstop7.html
Ohio Society War of 1812
Ohio Society War of 1812 The Society of the War of 1812 in the State of Ohio. Organized January 8, 1895 Chartered by the General Society of the War of 1812. ...
http://www.udata.com/users/hsbaker/ohio1812.htm
The Road to Washington - British Army Style
The Road to Washington British Army Style. The War of 1812 in Croom. ... This is the inaugural site in Yahoo!'s War of 1812 category!
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Fort Norfolk 1812 Garrison
Living history unit portrays the Virginia Militia in the War of 1812. Find a unit schedule, uniform details, and a history of Fort Norfolk.
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/3750
Fort George Open April 1-Oct 31 10:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Guided tours year round by...
Visitors can enjoy demonstrations of War of 1812 period activities at Fort George, experience the pagentry of 19th century British Military Life.
http://www.niagara.com/~parkscan
Battle of Mississinewa
Read an account of the battles on December 17, 1812 during which several Indian Villages were destroyed. Includes list of casualties.
http://www.rootsweb.com/~ingrant/batt1812.htm
Battle of Lake Erie
Read a profile of this pivotal battle of the War of 1812 that secured the Northwest territory for the United States.
http://www.brigniagara.org/battle.htm
Index to the Virginia War of 1812 Pay Rolls and Muster Rolls VTLS ...
Index to the War of 1812 Pay Rolls and Muster Rolls. If you encounter technical problems with this database, please send an email message to: Elizabeth Roderick. ...
http://eagle.vsla.edu/war1812
Casebook: The War of 1812 - Main
The War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain (1812-1815) was the war that gave the United States the identity that we know today. It gave the ...
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Hull, William - War or 1812
Resource devoted to the War of 1812 features a profile of the man who surrendered Detroit. Find eyewitness accounts of his surrender.
http://galafilm.com/1812/e/people/hull.html
Encyclopedia Smithsonian: Star-Spangled Banner
FAQs Star-Spangled Banner and the War of 1812. Photo of the Star-Spangled Banner at the National ...
http://www.si.edu/resource/faq/nmah/starflag.htm
ACWToC
Table of Symbols. The War of 1812 1. Summary of Operations in the North, 1812- 1814 2. Operations Along the Niagara River, 1813- 1814 3. Operations Around
http://www.dean.usma.edu/history/dhistorymaps/W1812Pages/W1812ToC.htm
Women in War The Spanish American War
Women Were There. The Wars of 1812 and 1846 and the Spanish American War The War of 1812. email comments or questions to captbarb@aug.com ...
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Battle of New Orleans - Essay on the War of 1812
Essay reviews the history of the famed battle fought between British and American forces for control of New Orleans in 1815.
http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Ranch/9198/war1812/w1812e.htm
Ogdensburg's Role in the War of 1812
The battle of Ogdensburg
http://www.1000islands.com/ogdensburg/ogd1812.htm
War of 1812 Cemetery, Town of Cheektowaga, Erie County, New York
War of 1812 Cemetery (also know as "The Creek Road / Garrison Road Cemetery") Aero Road Cheektowaga, Erie County, New York. ...
http://members.tripod.com/~wnyroots/index-1812.html
Tecumseh - War of 1812
Essay by Brian Blodgett profiles the life of Tecumesh and examines his role in the cause and conduct of the War of 1812.
http://members.tripod.com/Brian_Blodgett/Tecumthe.html
Invasion of the Canadas - War of 1812
A History of the Colonies, Flags and Conflicts on Canadian Soil
http://www.terrytoys.org/chapters/1812/time.htm
Christopher's War of 1812 Pages
www.websides.com/cr/index.htm. The War of 1812 pages have also moved to a new site. Updated: August 2, 1999.
http://members.aol.com/ckckside/history/w1812a.htm
War of 1812 - Traditions of Allegiance
Murray Barkley presents this unique look at Ontario's participation in the war. Fully referenced with original texts, letters and pictures.
http://collections.ic.gc.ca/heirloom_series/volume3/chapter6/111-117.htm
The Avalon Project : British-American Diplomacy
Signed on November 19, 1794 with Great Britain to avert a second war with the colonies.
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/jay.htm
1812
The War of 1812 page has moved to. www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/9061/USA/nineteen/1812.html. You ...
http://www.msstate.edu/Archives/History/USA/19th_C./1812.html
War or 1812 - Fall of Fort Detroit
Resource devoted to the War of 1812 provides a examination of Hull's surrender of Fort Detroit. Find primary sources and eyewitness accounts.
http://galafilm.com/1812/e/events/detroit.html
Act of War - 1812
Transcription of the act declaring a state of war between Britain and her dependencies and the United States of America and her territories.
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/statutes/1812-01.htm
The Petersburg Volunteers, 1812-1813
Narrative history of the Petersburg, Virginia Volunteers in the War of 1812. Annotated with sources and other links.
http://www.ls.net/~newriver/va/pete1812.htm
Genealogical Fallout from the War of 1812
National Archives and Records Administration, NARA. ... Genealogical Fallout from the War of 1812. ...
http://www.nara.gov/publications/prologue/dixon.html
Web-Grognards: wargames by period/subject
Comprehensive list of boardgames with links to reviews, variants and errata.
http://www.grognard.com/sub07.html
Society of the War of 1812 - Illinois
Society of male decedents of soldiers who fought in the War of 1812 offer military records, war history links, and battle profiles.
http://www.execpc.com/~sril/il1812
War of 1812 Pay Rolls and Muster Rolls Collection Index
Collection: War of 1812 Pay Rolls and Muster Rolls Information on the War of 1812 Pay Rolls and Muster Rolls collection Click on the index point closest to the ...
http://lvaimage.lib.va.us/collections/WA.html
The War of 1812 and Tecumseh
The War of 1812 and Tecumseh. Indian people of the area south of the Great Lakes experienced further warfare. Efforts to stop the American advance into their ...
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~ksands/War.html
Illinois War of 1812 Veterans Database
Database of Illinois War of 1812 Veterans. ... FIF, , Fife Player, Search the database of Illinois War of 1812 Veterans.
http://www.library.sos.state.il.us/departments/archives/war1812.html
The General Armstrong and the War of 1812
Describes a little-known incident in the War of 1812 which may have changed the course of world history.
http://libraryautomation.com/warof1812
War of 1812 Muster Rolls
Peruse an index of enlisted men from the War of 1812. Research rank, and find a list of individuals with property losses as a result of the war.
http://www.rootsweb.com/~ote/1812mil.htm
War of 1812 - Multi-educator
Browse a historic profile of this lesser know war. Includes a list of the major battles fought and illustrations of US and British warships.
http://www.multied.com/1812/Frame674324.html
Canadian Regiment of Fencible Infantry, War of 1812
Regiment's service during the War of 1812 and reenactment group.
http://www.militaryheritage.com/can_fen.htm
English Recruitment - War of 1812
Discover a reproduction of an English handbill written to attract recruits to the Royal Marines during the American War. Sixteen guineas bounty.
http://www.bcpl.net/~etowner/poster.html
War of 1812 battle: Lundy's Lane
Lundy's Lane was the fiercest land battle of the War of 1812.
http://www.publicbookshelf.com/public_html/The_Great_Republic_By_the_Master_Historians_Vol_III/warof181_f.html
Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry: War of 1812
Commodore Oliver Harold Perry led the United States to victory in the Battle of Lake Erie in the War of 1812.
http://www.publicbookshelf.org/public_html/The_Great_Republic_By_the_Master_Historians_Vol_III/Commodore_c.html
War of 1812 - Thomas Warner Letters
The War of 1812. Thomas Warner enlisted for service with a Maryland military unit on September 8, 1812 and served for one year, being discharged in 1813. The ...
http://www.haemo-sol.com/thomas/thomas.html
Re-living History - The War of 1812
Browse a thorough resource on this Anglo-American conflict. With discussions of causes, battles, and the people who took part.
http://library.thinkquest.org/22916/exmain.html
The War of 1812: The Constitution and the Guerriere
Although the United States navy at the time of the War of 1812 was rather weak overall compared to England, this wasn't true for the ships that were in American waters.
http://www.publicbookshelf.org/public_html/The_Great_Republic_By_the_Master_Historians_Vol_III/thewarof_b.html
Military and War Records Genealogy Research
WAR OF 1812 LINKS; Partial roster of Ohio Soldiers War of 1812! Ohio Society -War of 1812; Naval Historical Center-War of 1812; War of 1812; Key Events & Causes ...
http://www.webpagememories.com
8th Regiment in the War of 1812
Canadian history enthusiasts recreate the battles fought by this Canadian-British regiment. With a history, pictures, and links.
http://www3.sympatico.ca/dis.general/8thregt.htm
Books and Movies - War of 1812
Find a listing of books and movies which deal with this British-American conflict. With descriptions and ordering information.
http://www.iaw.on.ca/~jsek/1812rm01.htm
War of 1812 Forum
War of 1812 Forum. Williams lookup - Todd 1/24/02: Lynch in War 1812 - Nancy Lynch Hodges 1/24/02: Re: Lynch in War 1812 - geri brennan 1/24/02: ...
http://genforum.genealogy.com/warof1812
Yahoo! Arts > Humanities > History > By Time Period > 19th ...
Yahoo! Directory Military History > War of 1812 all of Yahoo! just this category Advanced Search Help. ...
http://dir.yahoo.com/Arts/Humanities/History/By_Time_Period/19th_Century/Military_History/War_of_181 2
War of 1812 Soldiers
Survey an ancestor-compiled directory of soldiers that fought in the war of 1812. Add a name, or research the rank of each soldier on the list.
http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/8502
War of 1812 Shipwrecks
The War of 1812-Era Shipwrecks of Lake Champlain. (click on image for full-size picture) ... Want to read more about Lake Champlains War of 1812 shipwrecks? See: ...
http://ina.tamu.edu/LCwarof1812.htm
The War of 1812-1812-1815
Osprey Military Men-At-Arms Series #226 The American War 1812-1814. Osprey Military Men-At-Arms Series #319 British Forces In North America 1793-1815. ...
http://www.netcom.ca/~htfergus/AmericanWar.html
Society Home Page
The Society of the War of 1812, in the, Commonwealth of Massachusetts. ...
http://www.ma1812society.org
Brief History of Tennessee in the War of 1812
Tennessee State Library and Archives. Historical and Genealogical Information. BRIEF HISTORY OF TENNESSEE IN THE WAR OF 1812. ...
http://www.state.tn.us/sos/statelib/pubsvs/tn1812.htm
LA Soldiers in the War of 1812
Search index of military personnel from Louisiana that fought in the War of 1812. Includes names, rank, and places of origin.
http://www.rootsweb.com/~usgenweb/la/la1812.htm
The Peninsular War and the Constitution of 1812.
The Peninsular War and the Constitution of 1812.
http://www.sispain.org/english/history/peninsul.html
War of 1812 - The Glengarry Light Infantry Fencibles
Brief profile, with photos of reenactors, of the "Glens," raised to shore up Canadian defenses during the War of 1812.
http://www.thequartermasters.com/gli.htm
CM Magazine: Jeremy's War 1812.
Jeremy's War 1812. [Original title: 1812: Jeremy and the General.] John Ibbitson. Toronto, ON: Kids Can Press, 2000. [Originally published by Maxwell Macmillan ...
http://www.umanitoba.ca/cm/vol7/no10/jeremyswar.html
Society of the War of 1812 in the State of Illinois
Upstanding males with an ancestor who fought in this conflict may join this fraternal order.
http://www.execpc.com/~sril/il1812.html
War of 1812 - Battle of North Point - General Ross
Only seven miles from his landing at North Point, the British Commanding Officer, Major General Robert Ross was shot and mortally wounded in a brief skirmish. To this day, a debate continues as to...
http://www.bcpl.lib.md.us/~etowner/npstop4.html
Documents relating to Prisoners of War, 1812
B. A Provisional Agreement, for the Exchange of Naval Prisoners of War November 28, 1812. ...
http://www.napoleonseries.org/reference/diplomatic/prisoners.cfm
Munger's Rangers/Steele's Rifles War of 1812 Page
Ohio-based organizations portraying military units that originally came from their local area.
http://www.coax.net/people/marjo/War1812.htm
A British Account of the Burning of Washington - 1814
A British Account of the Burning of Washington, presented in The National Center for Public Policy Research's Archive of Historical Documents
http://www.nationalcenter.org/BritishBurnWashington1814.html
MSN Encarta - War of 1812
Read a concise overview of the conflict between the US and Britain and learn its root causes. Includes links to further information.
http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?ti=04FED000
Privateering - War 1812
War 1812. When on 18 June 1812 the US Congress declared war upon the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland, etc., a weak new nation grabbed the Lion by its ...
http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~haas/learningcenter/privateers.html
Welcome - The Friends of Crysler's Farm Battlefield Memorial
Commemorating the victory of Lieut.-Col. Joseph Morrison's outnumbered Anglo-Canadian army over the invading Americans on November 11, 1813.
http://www.cryslersfarm.com
The Glengarry Light Infantry Fencibles
The Glengarry Light Infantry Fencibles or GLI, were a battalion of Scottish immigrants and Canadians during the war of 1812 after the United States declared war on Great Britain.
http://members.rogers.com/leafnut
War of 1812 Veterans
Individual has collected info on his ancestors and others who served in the War of 1812. Find rosters, histories, and service records.
http://www.rootsweb.com/~kyharris
Soldiers of the War of 1812
Scan a listing of people whose ancestors served in the War of 1812, or post your own. With email addresses and descriptions.
http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/8502/geobook.html
Omichs' taking part in the Patriotic War, 1812 year Russion
Omichs Account of the war.
http://www.univer.omsk.su/students/shafig/page5~1.htm
The Battle of the Thames
The Battle of the Thames was a decisive battle in the War of 1812.
http://www.publicbookshelf.org/public_html/The_Great_Republic_By_the_Master_Historians_Vol_III/battleof_d.html
The American War, 1812-1814
The American War, 1812-1814. American and British forces in the War of 1812. BK-894.....$15.00 button.gif ...
http://www.jastown.com/milbook/bk-894.htm
KidInfo - War of 1812
Internet guide geared toward students provides a collection of annotated links to resources devoted to the War of 1812 and its battles.
http://www.kidinfo.com/American_History/warof1812.html
Lineages Genealogy Site: War of 1812
War of 1812 Bounty Land Grants in the Illinois Military Tract.
http://www.lineages.com/vault/BountyLands.asp
Frontier Days - Fort Toulouse and Jackson State Historic Park - Wetumpka, Alabama
Alabama Frontier Days presents live reenactments from Fort Toulouse and Jackson State Park in Wetumpka, Alabama the First Week of November of Each year
http://www.alabamafrontierdays.com
The Peninsular War, 1812-1814 | Map
Andrew C Jackson 1997-2000 Email: andrew.jackson@btinternet.com. Top | Peninsular War | Site Map.
http://www.btinternet.com/~a.jackson/map_sp2.htm
StudyWeb - War of 1812
Internet guide geared toward students presents a collection of annotated links to resources on the War of 1812.
http://www.studyweb.com/links/388.html
Patriotic War 1812
Patriotic War 1812. Price is $250 including shipping by sea to USA (delivery term up to 2 months ...
http://www.chess101set.com/chess/soldiers/patriotic_war_1812.htm
Jefferson Patterson Park & Museum - Re-enactment
A two-day exploration into what life was like for people in southern Maryland during the War of 1812
http://www.jefpat.org/re-enactment.htm
Oneida Indian Nation - Culture & History - Oneidas in the War of 1812
On the American side during the British-American struggle called the War of 1812 (1812-1814). They fought in several battles (including virtually the only.
http://oneida-nation.net/1812.html
MILITARY RE-ENACTMENT SOCIETY OF CANADA
An Organization based in Ontario that portrays the Incorporated Militia of Upper Canada. Extensive site with unit history, photos, sutlers, etc.
http://www.imuc.org/index.shtml
A Scottish Regiment at the Battle of New Orleans 1815
The story of the 93rd Sutherland Highlanders at the Battle of new Orleans in 1815
http://www.aboutscotland.com/argylls/93norleans.html
Historian - The Iroquois in the War of 1812
In the process of reviewing this book, C. Edward Skeen offers insight on events and varying points of view concerning the War of 1812.
http://www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/m2082/3_62/62828754/p1/article.jhtml
USA:(4) The Formation of a National Government - 12
An Outline of American History (1994) 4 : The Formation of a National Government.12/13, War of 1812. ...
http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/H/1994/ch4_p12.htm
War of 1812 - Canadian Military Heritage Project
Historical analysis of the War of 1812, which was supposed to be about rights at sea, but was actually about the control of Upper Canada.
http://www.rootsweb.com/~canmil/1812/1812view.htm
RNR, Bulger's Coy
History of the 1812 period comes to life through military re-enactment with the Royal Newfoundland Regiment
http://www.battleofgeorgianbay.huronia.com/rnrsite
War of 1812 - Dnet
Extensive list of resources pertaining to the War of 1812 that should prove to be a valuable study aid for a prospective scholar of this period.
http://www.cfcsc.dnd.ca/links/milhist/1812.html
Thomas Noble and the 41st Foot
41st Regiment of Foot's service in North America during the War of 1812
http://freespace.virgin.net/kevin.noble/gene/noble/41st.htm
Yahoo! Groups : WarOf1812
A forum for discussion of all aspects of the War of 1812 between the United Kingdom and the United States.
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/WarOf1812
Canadian Regiments in the 1812 War
Historical list of Canadian regiments that took part in the War of 1812. Useful resource for enthusiasts of the 19th century military.
http://www.nornet.on.ca/~rgoddard/1812.htm
NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE | Fort York
Fort York
http://parkscanada.pch.gc.ca/thesite/parks.cfm?siteid=8
Canada and The War of 1812
Oodles of photos accent this article by a historian that argues that the war was the pinnacle event that separated Canada from the United States.
http://www.rpsc.org/Library/1812/warof1812.htm
Steele's Rifles
Ohio-based organization portraying a military unit that originally came from the same area.
http://www.neighborweb.com/details/1851.htm
Fort Erie - War of 1812
Introduction to this historic site where the invading American "Bloody Siege of Fort Erie" took place in August 1814.
http://www.iaw.on.ca/~jsek/index.html
Avalon Project - War of 1812 Documents
Find exact transcriptions of the legal documents covering the War of 1812, from the Declaration of War onwards.
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/br1814m.htm
Official British Account
of the
Capture of Washington D.C.
As reported in The Columbian Centinel December 7, 1814
Click Here to View Actual Article
Great Britain London Downing Street, Sept. 27
I have the honor to communicate to your Lordship, that on the night of the 24 th inst. After defeating the army of the United States that day, the troops under my command entered and took possession of the city of Washington. It was determined between Sir A. Cochrane and myself, to disembark the army at the village of Nenedict, on the right bank of the Patuxeut, with the intention of Co-operating with Rear-admiral Cockburn, in an attack upon a flotilla of the enemy's gun boats, under of the command of Com. Barney. On the 20th instant, the army command its march, having landing the previous day without opposition: on the 21st it reached Nottingham, and on the 22nd moved on to Upper Marlborough, a few miles distant from Pig Point on the Patuxent, where Admiral Cockburn fell in with and defeated the flotilla taking and destroying the whole. Having advanced to within 16 miles of Washington, and ascertaining the force of the enemy to be such as might authorize an attempt at carrying his capital, I determined to make it, and accordingly put the 1200 men appeared to oppose us but retired after firing a few shots.
On the 24 th the troops resumed their march, and reached Bladensburg, a village situated on the left bank of the eastern branch of the Pofowmac, about five miles from Washington. On the opposite side of that river the enemy was strongly posted on very commanding heights formed in two lines, his advance occupying a fortified house, which, with artillery, covered the bridge over the eastern branch, across which the British troops had pass. A broad and straight road, leading from the bridge to Washington ran through the position, which was carefully defended by artillery and riflemen. The disposition for the attack being made, it was commenced with so much impetuosity by the list brigade, consisting at the 85th light infantry and the army, under the command of Col. Thornton, that the fortified house was shortly carried, the enemy retiring to the higher grounds. In support of the light brigade I ordered up a brigade under the command of Col. Brooke, who with the 44th regiment, attacked the enemy's left, the 4th regiment pressing its right with such effect as to cause him to abandon his guns. His first line giving way, was driven on the second, which, yielding to the irresistible attack of the bayonet, and the well directed discharge of rockets, got into confusion and fled. The rapid flight of the enemy, and his knowledge of the country, precluded the possibility of many prisoners being taken, more particularly as the troops had, during the day, undergone considerable fatigue.
The enemy's army amounting to 8 or 9000 men, with 3 or 400 cavalry, was under the command of Gen. Winder, being formed of troops drawn from Baltimore and Pennsylvania. His artillery, ten pieces of which fell into are hands, was commanded by Com. Barney, who was wounded and taken prisoner. The artillery I directed to be destroyed. Having halted the army for a short time, I determined to march upon Washington, and reached that city at 8 o'clock that night. Judging it of consequences to complete the destruction of the public buildings with the least possible delay, so that the army might retire without loss of time, the following buildings were set fire to and consumed- the capitol, including the Senate house and House of representation, the Arsenal, the Dock-Yard, Treasury, War office, President's Palace, Rope-Walk, and the great bridge across the Potewmac: In the dock-yard a frigate nearly ready to be launched, and a slope of war, were consumed. The two bridges leading to Washington over the eastern branch, had the enemy been destroyed by the enemy who apprehended an attack from that quarter.
The object of the expedition being accomplished, I determined, before any greater enemy force could be assembled, to withdraw the troops, and accordingly commenced retiring on the night of the 25th. On the evening if the 29th we reached Benedict, and re-embarked the following day. In the performance of the operation I have detailed, it is with the utmost satisfaction I observe to your Lordship that cheerfulness in undergoing fatigue, and anxiety for the accomplishment of the object, were conspicuous in all ranks
An attack upon an enemy so strongly posted could not be effected without loss. I have to lament that the wounds received by Col. Thornton, and the others officers and soldiers left at Bladensburg, were such as prevented their removal As many of the wounded as could be brought off were removed, the others being left with medical care and attendants. The arrangements made by Staff Sueg'n Baxter for their accommodation have been as satisfactory as circumstances would admit of. The Agent for British prisoners of war very fortunately residing at Bladensburg, I have recommended the wounded officers and men to his particular attention, and trust to his being able to effect their exchange when sufficiently recovered. -- Robert Ross, Major General
War of 1812
Joshua Barney
Stephen Decatur Treaty of Ghent William Henry Harrison Andrew Jackson Francis Scott Key Fort Mc Henry Battle Of New Orleans Oliver Hazard Perry Pirate Ships
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